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One address, one inbox, no phone line

Contact Us

Everything happens in writing or at the gate. A person reads every message and replies within one business day.

Address
11966 Brookfield St
Livonia, MI 48150
USA
Opening hours
Monday – Thursday
7:00 AM – 5:00 PM ET
Friday
7:00 AM – 3:00 PM ET
Saturday
8:00 AM – 12:00 PM ET (pickup & drop-off only)
Sunday
Closed

No telephone number — the company does not have one. See below for why.

Contact form

Send the yard a message

NO PHONE · EMAIL ONLY
A working business or personal inbox
US or Canadian number, e.g. (313) 442-8190
US ZIP 48150 or Canadian A1A 1A1

Fields marked * are required and are checked before sending — we answer by email only. See our quote checklist to speed things up.

Why there is no phone number

Everything here happens in writing, deliberately.

It is not a cost-saving measure and it is not because we dislike talking to people. Cargo declarations have to be written down to be worth anything, tote quotes involve nine variables that nobody holds accurately in a conversation, and most of our customers are on a forklift rather than at a desk.

So: email, forms, and in person at the gate. Every message is read by a person. Replies go out within one business day and usually much faster. Nothing is agreed that is not written down.

For genuinely complicated work — a fabrication job, a compatibility question with four unknowns — we will set up a scheduled video call, which has the useful property of being planned rather than interrupting.

First message

Six things that get you an accurate quote first time.

None of these are mandatory. All of them remove a round trip, and the full version is on the quote checklist.

  • What goes inside — the actual product name, not the category
  • How many units, and whether the number is flexible
  • Delivery postcode, and whether you have a dock or need a liftgate
  • Grade tolerance — does cosmetic condition matter to you or not
  • When you need it, and whether you can wait for a scheduled lane
  • Whether you also have empties sitting in a yard somewhere
Where to send what

One inbox, but say which of these you are.

01

Buying containers

Quantity, cargo, grade and delivery postcode. You will get photographs of the actual units before you pay.

02

Selling us containers

Count, size, prior cargo and whether they are drained. A photograph of the stack answers most of our questions.

03

Fleet or contract work

Fleet size, cycle frequency and current pain point. We will usually ask for a serial list.

04

Custom fabrication

A sketch, a photograph of what you are replacing, or a paragraph. Drawings come back inside a day.

05

Vendor onboarding

Ask for the vendor pack: W-9, insurance certificate, wash bay SOP, sample records and our list of what we are not certified for.

06

A yard tour

Tuesday to Thursday mornings. Tell us how many of you and whether anyone needs step-free routing.

Finding us

11966 Brookfield Street, Livonia, Michigan.

The yard is in the industrial block between Plymouth Road and Amrhein Road, west of Merriman. Brookfield is a short street and the gate is marked with the cage logo rather than a large sign, which catches people out the first time.

Inbound trucks should arrive at the gate, not at the office. There is turning room for a 53-foot trailer inside the yard but not on the street, so follow the signage round rather than attempting Brookfield in reverse.

Collecting a single tote yourself? Saturday mornings between 8 and 12 are pickup and drop-off only. One person on the gate who will help you strap a load but cannot process a new order.

  • Gate for trucks and pickups, office door for appointments
  • Turning room inside the yard, not on the street
  • Closed-toe shoes required past the office
  • Saturday 8–12 is pickup and drop-off only
  • Yard tours Tuesday to Thursday mornings
24 of 168 bays shown · Livonia, MI
Contact questions

What people ask before writing.

How quickly will you reply?

Within one business day, and usually within a few hours during yard hours. If you have flagged something as urgent in the first line, it gets read first — that is a standing instruction at the desk.

Can I just turn up?

For a Saturday morning pickup, yes. For anything else, please write first — the person who can answer your question may be in the wash bay, and the office is small.

Do you work with public buyers?

Regularly. Itemised quotes with freight separated, W-9 and insurance certificates in one email, and we will hold stock against a purchase order that has not cleared yet if you tell us the situation.

What if I just have a technical question and am not buying?

Ask anyway. We read plates from photographs, identify thread standards, explain grading and talk people out of purchases several times a week. Several of our blog articles exist because somebody asked a question we could not answer in two sentences.

Reference

Baseline specifications for everything we handle.

Nominal dimensions, weights and trailer counts
ContainerCapacityFootprintHeightTareGross at SG 1.0Per 53' trailer
Caged composite IBC275 gal / 1,040 L40 × 48 in46 in127 lb2,420 lb20 floor / 40 stacked
Caged composite IBC, XL275 gal / 1,040 L40 × 48 in53 in132 lb2,425 lb20 / 40
Caged composite IBC330 gal / 1,250 L40 × 48 in53 in145 lb2,900 lb20 / 40
Caged composite IBC350 gal / 1,325 L48 × 48 in52 in170 lb3,090 lb18 / 36
Stainless bin, 304350 gal / 1,325 L48 × 42 in55 in420 lb3,340 lb18 / —
Stainless bin, 316L500 gal / 1,893 L52 in dia.74 in580 lb4,750 lb14 / —
Poly drum, closed head55 gal / 208 L23 in dia.34.5 in22 lb480 lb80 on pallets
Steel drum, lined55 gal / 208 L22.5 in dia.33.5 in38 lb496 lb80 on pallets
Salvage overpack95 gal / 360 L28 in dia.40 in35 lb827 lb40 on pallets

Figures are nominal and vary a little by moulder. Always multiply net volume by the actual specific gravity of your cargo before checking a forklift or racking rating.

Reference

The grading system, in one table.

Re:IBCtote grades, disqualifiers and typical use
GradePrior cargoWash routeClean indexPrice indexDrops a grade if
A — FoodOne, food only, documentedRoute 3 potable triple rinse100100More than one cargo, missing declaration, film on scope, odour fail
A — RebottledNone — new bottleNew, unused9886Cage fails node inspection or leak test
A — WashedNon-hazardous industrialRoute 2 hot caustic9274Ghosting remains, or cargo history unverifiable
B — RinsedMixed industrialRoute 1 rinse7252Structural repair, or odour a buyer would notice
C — Non-potableHeavier residue, repairedRoute 1 rinse4834Any crazing, any persistent bulge, failed leak test
D — ReclaimFailed test or structureNot resold169Not applicable — this is the floor

Price index is relative to Grade A food at 100, not a quote. The absolute level moves with resin, scrap steel, freight rates and the agricultural season.

From the yard

What the stock actually looks like.

Unretouched frames from Livonia and from the road. Every unit you can see in them went through the same twenty-two point intake as the one we would send you.

Rows of caged totes at sunset with mountains behind, including one heavily stained bottle.
Last light over the intake rows. The stained bottle in front is bound for Grade C: cosmetic, sound, a third of the price.
Totes racked under a steel canopy next to blue and white containers on wet concrete.
Racked storage under the canopy, sorted by configuration. A rack is rated for real gross weight, not for water weight.
A curtain-side trailer loaded with caged totes at dusk, with more units and a forklift on the apron.
Twenty on the floor of a curtain-side at dusk. Dust caps fitted, valves closed, straps across the second row.
Every unit, every order

What arrives with the containers.

None of this is optional or chargeable. It is the difference between a reclaimed container and an anonymous second-hand one.

  • A prior-contents sheet naming the product, the fill date and the company that filled it
  • Four photographs of the actual unit plus an image of the cage stamp
  • The grade assigned, and the published criteria that grade commits us to
  • A wash record where the unit went through Route 2, 3 or 4, with temperature, dwell, rinse count and final rinse conductivity
  • A leak test record for every Grade A and Grade B unit: method, pressure, hold time and measured decay
  • The UN plate photograph and periodic test dates where the unit is marked
  • A component list naming gasket material, valve type and cap type
  • The cage passport ID, so the whole service history can be reissued later
  • An allergen flag where a prior food cargo included dairy, egg or tree-nut oils
  • A standing take-back offer: when you are finished, we collect and pay
Reference

Cargo weight by specific gravity.

Gross weight of a filled container by cargo density
CargoSG275 gal net275 gal gross330 gal grossNotes
Ethanol, 190 proof0.811,858 lb1,985 lb2,375 lbFlammable — conductive container required
Used motor oil0.892,042 lb2,169 lb2,595 lbWarm before pumping in winter
Canola oil, refined0.922,110 lb2,237 lb2,678 lbHot wash route only
Water1.002,294 lb2,421 lb2,898 lbThe baseline for everything
Propylene glycol1.042,386 lb2,513 lb3,008 lbCommonest tote cargo in the Midwest
Urea solution 32.5%1.092,500 lb2,627 lb3,145 lbFreezes at 12 °F
Hydrochloric acid 35%1.182,707 lb2,834 lb3,393 lbViton gaskets, never EPDM
Liquid cane sugar1.333,051 lb3,178 lb3,804 lbNear the density limit for a 330
Ferric chloride 40%1.423,258 lb3,385 lb4,052 lbStains HDPE permanently
Caustic soda 50%1.533,510 lb3,637 lb4,355 lb275 only; check the forklift rating
Sulphuric acid 93%1.834,198 lb4,325 lb5,208 lbSteel or stainless service, not poly

Gross figures include tare of 127 lb for a 275 and 145 lb for a 330 on steel pallets. The maximum net mass on the UN plate is a separate and binding limit.

Reference FAQ

Buying questions, answered at length.

What is the minimum order, really?

One unit, on every product line. There is no hidden minimum and no 'pallet quantity only' rule.

Freight is what makes single units expensive. Inside our six weekly lanes we will usually fold one tote into a scheduled route rather than quoting LTL, which is why a single-unit order to Toledo costs a fraction of a single-unit order to Dallas.

Can I see the exact units before paying?

Yes, and it is standard rather than a concession. Four photographs per unit plus the cage stamp, tagged to a bay number, emailed before payment.

This started as a way of ending a recurring argument about Grade B expectations. It turned into our most effective quality control, because an inspector who knows the photograph goes to the customer grades more conservatively.

How do I know the grade is honest?

Because the disqualifiers are published. A Grade A food unit drops to Grade A washed if there is more than one prior cargo, if the declaration is missing, if third-rinse conductivity is out of tolerance, if the scope shows film, or if the odour check fails.

Ask any supplier what would disqualify a unit from the grade they just sold you. A supplier who cannot answer immediately does not have a grading system.

What happens if a unit is not as described?

We replace it, re-grade and refund the difference, or collect it and refund in full — your choice, not ours.

We have refunded four units in the last three years. All four were our grading error, and all four customers still buy from us.

Do you substitute units without telling me?

No. Container reconditioning depends on inspection outcomes we cannot fully predict, so units occasionally fail during processing.

When that happens we tell you immediately and offer the nearest available alternative, rather than quietly shipping something different and hoping the photographs were not studied.

Can I specify valve, cap and gasket?

All three, on any grade. If you name the cargo we will specify them for you rather than making you learn three buttress thread standards and six camlock types.

The most expensive eleven-dollar mistake in this industry is EPDM in aromatic service. It swells, extrudes out of the joint and fails without warning.

Operational FAQ

Operational questions.

Why is there no phone number?

Cargo declarations have to be written to be worth anything, a container quote involves nine variables that nobody holds accurately in conversation, and most of our customers are on a forklift rather than at a desk.

Every form submission is read by a person and answered within one business day, usually much sooner. Nothing is agreed that is not written down. For genuinely complex work we will schedule a video call.

Can you deliver without a loading dock?

Yes. Liftgate delivery lowers units to ground level and is standard on agricultural and construction-site work, not an exception.

Arrange it at the quoting stage. A liftgate booked then costs a fraction of one arranged at the door, and a refused delivery costs more than both.

Will you collect my empties?

Free from eight units inside our six weekly lanes, with payment for anything resaleable and a diversion certificate stating unit count, weighed mass and disposition split.

Further out, a collection needs to be close to a full trailer load or matched against a delivery on the same trip. We have never issued a disposal invoice.

How fast can you turn an order around?

Grade B and C from floor stock, usually the same week. Grade A washed, two to five business days. Rebottled, five to ten because bottles are fitted to order. Then add transit for your zone.

Wash bay throughput is about 90 units a day on Route 1 or 2 and 55 on Route 3. In practice turnaround is set by inspection and photography, not by washing.

Do you work with public buyers?

Regularly — municipalities, fire departments, school districts, county emergency management and state agencies.

Itemised quotes with freight on a separate line, W-9 and insurance certificates in one email, sealed bids where required, and we will hold stock against a purchase order that has not cleared yet if you tell us the situation.

Can you run a fleet programme for containers I own?

Yes, and it is a large part of what the bench does. Out full, back empty, washed, inspected, gasket replaced, leak tested, back on your fill line.

Priced per unit against a defined scope with a guaranteed turnaround, plus a quarterly fleet health report forecasting how many cages and bottles are approaching end of life. That report is the part customers say they value most.

Reference

Freight arithmetic, in one place.

Container counts by vehicle and configuration
Vehicle275 gal filled275 gal empty330 gal filledDrums on pallets
53 ft dry van2040 double-stacked2080
48 ft dry van18361872
26 ft box truck10201040
Flatbed, strapped2020 (no stacking)2060
20 ft ocean container10201040
40 ft ocean container22442288
Pickup with trailer2–44–82–48–12

Twenty-two is the worst number of totes to order: a 53-foot trailer holds twenty, so twenty-two pays for two trailers to move two containers. We load-plan every multi-unit quote for exactly this reason.

Field notes

Eight mistakes we watch customers make, repeatedly.

None of these are stupid. All of them are expensive, and every one of them has happened to somebody competent in the last twelve months.

1. Multiplying volume by 8.34 and forgetting specific gravity

A 275-gallon tote of 50% caustic soda grosses 3,637 lb, not 2,420. Forklift capacity ratings, racking beams and warehouse floors all care about the real number. This is the single most common serious miscalculation in liquid handling.

2. Buying Grade A washed for site water

Cosmetic condition has no effect on how well a container holds water for dust suppression. Grade C costs a third as much and lasts exactly as long under that treatment. Roughly half the customers who ask for Grade A are paying for appearance they do not need.

3. Fitting a vented cap for storage

A vented cap is a dispensing device. Left on a stored container it pumps moist air in all winter, and we have opened totes in March with half a litre of condensate sitting on top of the cargo. Solid cap in storage and transit; vent at the point of use.

4. Filling to the brim before a freeze

Water expands about nine percent on freezing and an HDPE bottle will crack at the lower corner near the sump almost every time. Fill water-based cargo to 85% and store where the unit can drain.

5. Reusing the gasket

The cheapest component in the assembly and the most common source of carried-over odour and cross-contamination. Gaskets take a compression set, harden, and hold prior cargo in the elastomer.

6. Ordering twenty-two units

A 53-foot trailer holds twenty. Twenty-two pays for two trailers to move two containers. Tell us if your number is flexible and we will tell you which way to move it.

7. Forcing a buttress thread

S60×6, S70×6 and S75×6 will each start on the others and then bind. Two turns and a stop means the wrong standard, and forcing it crazes the bottle neck permanently.

8. Storing translucent bottles outdoors

UV plus freeze-thaw cycling is what finally kills HDPE. We have measured 10% wall loss on the south face of bottles after five years in the open, with the shadow pattern of the cage printed onto the plastic. Black UV-stabilised bottles outlast translucent ones by three to four times outdoors.

The yard, in four numbers
418,900containers handled since 2009
94.2%of intake diverted from landfill
11.5 galof fresh water per container washed
168numbered outbound bays in Livonia
On this subject
headspacespecific gravitystack ratingGMA palletISPM 15pressure decayhydrostaticregrindHDPE flakegalvanised cageweld nodeprior-contents sheetdiversion rateavoided emissionsrebottlingtake-back
Primer

The anatomy of a caged tote, part by part.

A 275-gallon caged IBC looks like one object and is actually five, each with a different lifespan, a different failure mode and a different second-hand value. Knowing which part you are buying is most of what separates a good purchase from an expensive one.

The inner bottle

Blow-moulded HDPE, 42 lb, nominal wall around 2 mm with deliberate thickening at the corners and the sump. It carries the cargo and nothing else. It is the part that ages: UV takes the surface, freeze-thaw cycling takes the corners, aromatic solvents soften the wall, and chemical stress plus mechanical stress together produce crazing. A bottle in indoor service with a compatible cargo will outlive the person who bought it. The same bottle in a Michigan yard, translucent, filled to the brim in November, has about five years.

The steel cage

Tubular galvanised steel, 55 lb, 44 to 54 welded nodes depending on the moulder. It takes every load the bottle cannot: stacking, strapping, forklift abuse, the hydrostatic push of a full bottle against its own walls. Cages outlast bottles roughly three to one, which is why rebottling exists as a trade at all. The failure modes are cracked nodes, a diagonal pushed out of square by impact, and red rust bleeding through a breached galvanising layer at a weld.

The base

Steel, composite, hybrid or timber, 22 to 44 lb. It decides how the unit can be handled and whether it can leave the country. Four-way entry and pallet-jack access are not universal, and a timber base without an ISPM 15 heat-treatment stamp will be stopped at a border. The welds attaching the cage to a steel base are a specific inspection point because a failed base weld makes the whole unit unstable under load with no other visible symptom.

The closures

A 6-inch top cap, a 2-inch discharge valve, the adapter stack at the outlet, and the gaskets. Together they weigh a few pounds, cost a fraction of the assembly, and cause most of the complaints: weeping valves, carried-over odour, cross-threaded adapters, vented caps left on in storage. We replace the valve, cap and gasket on every Grade A unit for exactly this reason — it is the cheapest possible insurance against the most common possible problem.

The markings

The UN plate, the cage stamp, the moulder's date wheel inside the bottle skirt. These are the unit's identity. The plate decides whether it can carry a regulated cargo and until when; the cage stamp is how we can reissue a seven-year service history years after the unit left the yard. A unit with an illegible plate is not scrap — it is a perfectly good container that has lost its licence, and it is priced accordingly.

If you only remember one thing: you are buying a bottle with a date on it, bolted into a cage that will outlive it, with hardware that should be new. Price the bottle, inspect the cage, insist on the hardware.
Deep reference

Chemical compatibility, container by gasket.

HDPE bottle and gasket suitability for common cargo
CargoHDPE bottleEPDMVitonPTFENote
Water, potableExcellentExcellentExcellentExcellentRebottled or Grade A food only
Sodium hypochlorite 12.5%GoodFairGoodExcellentVent — the cargo off-gasses and will bulge a sealed bottle
Caustic soda 50%ExcellentExcellentGoodExcellentSG 1.53 — 275 gal only, check the forklift plate
Sulphuric acid 93%Not suitableNot suitableFairExcellentLined steel or stainless service, never poly
Hydrochloric acid 35%GoodNot suitableExcellentExcellentViton only; HCl destroys EPDM in weeks
Nitric acid 10%FairNot suitableGoodExcellentOxidiser — embrittles HDPE over months
Phosphoric acid 75%GoodFairGoodExcellentCommon fertiliser intermediate
Propylene glycolExcellentExcellentExcellentExcellentThe most-handled tote cargo in the Midwest
Ethylene glycolExcellentExcellentExcellentExcellentLabel clearly — it is routinely confused with PG
Ethanol, 190 proofGoodFairExcellentExcellentFlammable — conductive container and bonding required
MethanolGoodFairExcellentExcellentPermeates slowly through HDPE; not for long storage
Mineral oil, whiteExcellentNot suitableExcellentExcellentEPDM swells in hydrocarbons
Used motor oilExcellentNot suitableExcellentExcellentWarm to 60 °F before pumping in winter
Diesel and heating oilGoodNot suitableExcellentExcellentCheck local rules before storing fuel in an IBC
Vegetable and canola oilExcellentGoodExcellentExcellentHot wash route afterwards or it polymerises
Urea solution 32.5% (DEF)ExcellentExcellentExcellentExcellentFreezes at 12 °F, expands, then recovers
Liquid fertiliser 28-0-0ExcellentExcellentExcellentExcellentStains the bottle; does not harm it
Ferric chloride 40%ExcellentNot suitableExcellentExcellentPermanent orange staining — cosmetic only
Hydrogen peroxide 35%FairNot suitableGoodExcellentVented cap mandatory; dedicated bottle, never reused
Acetic acid 80%GoodFairGoodExcellentOdour carries over — dedicate the unit
Latex paint and coatingsExcellentGoodExcellentExcellentNever let it dry inside; a cured film is unremovable
Toluene, xylene, MEKNot suitableNot suitableGoodExcellentAromatic solvents swell and soften HDPE
Isocyanates and polyolsRefusedRefusedRefusedRefusedOn our published exclusion list — they cure
Firefighting foam concentrateRefusedRefusedRefusedRefusedPFAS risk; we will not take it at any price

Ratings are for ambient-temperature storage in a reclaimed container, not for pressurised or heated service. Every 20 °F above 100 °F roughly halves the service life of the rating. When the cargo is not on this list, send us the SDS and we will tell you what we would and would not put it in.

One frame

Where your order is standing right now.

A tote yard after rain with stacks of white and black totes and covered storage under a canopy.
After rain. Black UV-stabilised bottles in the near stack — the ones we recommend for anything living outdoors.
Deep reference

The UN plate, decoded field by field.

Reading a rigid composite IBC marking such as 31HA1/Y/0324/USA/M4518
FieldExampleWhat it meansWhy it matters to you
Container type3131 = rigid IBC for liquids; 11 = for solids, gravity dischargeA 11-series unit is not rated for liquid, whatever it looks like
Material codeHAH = plastic inner, A = steel outer. HZ = composite with other outerHA1 is the common caged tote; HZ2 is a different animal
Design category11 = pressurised filling or discharge permitted; 2 = gravity onlyA 31HA2 cannot legally be pressure-filled
Packing groupYX = PG I, II, III; Y = PG II, III; Z = PG III onlyY will not carry a PG I cargo no matter how clean it is
Month and year0324March 2024 manufacture of the complete assemblyStarts the 2.5 and 5 year test clocks
State of authorisationUSACountry whose competent authority approved the design typeNeeded for cross-border movement
Manufacturer / approvalM4518Approval holder and design type referenceHow a periodic tester traces the original design
Stacking load2,500 kgPermissible superimposed load, often on a second lineZero means do not stack even empty
Max gross mass1,200 kgTotal permitted filled massThe binding limit — not your forklift rating
Test pressure100 kPaHydraulic or pneumatic test pressure of the design typePressure discharge is only allowed inside this figure
Periodic dates03/26 · 03/29Last 2.5 year leak test and 5 year inspectionOut of date means out of regulated service until retested

This summarises how the plate is laid out in practice, not the regulation itself. Where a cargo is regulated, your obligations come from 49 CFR in the United States or the TDG regulations in Canada, and your own compliance team has the final word.

Deep FAQ · specification

Specification questions, in detail.

Which gasket do I need?

EPDM for water, glycols, caustics, fertilisers and most food products. Viton for acids, hydrocarbons, solvents and anything aromatic. PTFE for aggressive oxidisers and where nothing else is rated.

The two expensive errors are EPDM in hydrochloric acid, where it is destroyed in weeks, and EPDM in hydrocarbons, where it swells. If you tell us the cargo we specify the elastomer, and it is on the component list that ships with the unit.

What does the stacking figure on the plate actually mean?

It is the permissible superimposed load: how much mass may sit on top of that container. It assumes normal temperature, level ground and an evenly distributed load, and a zero means do not stack even empty.

The real-world caveat is temperature. Above 100 °F derate by half; above 120 °F do not stack at all. HDPE creeps under sustained load and heat accelerates it, so a stack that was fine in April can deform in July without anything else changing.

How long does an HDPE bottle actually last?

Indoors with a compatible cargo, longer than the business using it — we regularly handle bottles over twenty years old that pass every test. Outdoors, translucent, filled to the brim through Michigan winters: about five years.

What kills them is the combination of UV, freeze-thaw cycling and chemical stress acting together. Any one is survivable. All three together produce crazing, and crazing is the one condition with no path back.

Is stress whitening the same as crazing?

No, and the distinction is worth money. Stress whitening is localised opacity where the polymer has been strained, almost always a forklift impact near the sump. It looks alarming and is often not a failure.

Crazing is a network of fine branching cracks from chemical and mechanical stress together. It is an absolute disqualifier, it never improves, and the test is a raking light at a shallow angle across the surface. If you can see branching, the bottle is finished — though the cage and base are still worth money.

Can a cage be reused with a new bottle?

Yes, and that is what rebottling is: a new blow-moulded HDPE bottle fitted into an inspected cage and base. Cages outlast bottles about three to one, which is why the trade exists.

The cage goes through the same inspection as everything else first — 44 to 54 weld nodes counted individually, diagonals measured, base welds loaded, galvanising checked at the welds. We fitted 4,118 new bottles in 2025. Bench turnaround on contract work is 48 hours.

Do you have 350 and 500 gallon containers?

Yes, as stainless bins rather than caged composites. A 350-gallon square 304 bin is 48 × 42 inches and 55 inches tall with a 420 lb tare; a 500-gallon cylindrical 316L is 52 inches in diameter, 74 tall, 580 lb.

They are the right answer for aggressive acids above SG 1.6, for hot cargo, and for anything where you want a container that will outlive several poly ones. They do not stack, and the trailer count drops to fourteen for the 500s.

What is the heaviest cargo you would put in a reclaimed poly tote?

In practice, 50% caustic soda at SG 1.53 in a 275 — which grosses 3,637 lb — is about where we stop being comfortable, and we check the customer's forklift rating before quoting it.

Sulphuric acid at 93% and SG 1.83 we will not put in poly at all; that is steel or stainless service. The limiting factor is rarely the bottle's burst strength and almost always everything underneath it: forks, beams, floors.

Deep reference

The twenty-two point intake inspection.

Every check applied to every container that comes through the gate
#CheckPass criterionFail consequence
01Prior-contents declaration presentNamed product, filler, fill dateQuarantine bay until named, or refused
02Cargo against exclusion listNot on the published listRefused at the gate, load turned away
03Residual heel volumeUnder 1 gal, drainableCharged back, or refused above 5 gal
04Odour, cap off, ambientNo detectable cargo odour after rinseDrops to Grade C or reclaim
05Bottle wall thickness, four pointsWithin 15% of nominalReclaim
06Crazing under raking lightNo branching cracks anywhereReclaim — crazing never improves
07Stress whitening at the sumpNone, or faint and non-progressiveGrade C maximum
08Bulge, measured at mid-wallUnder 6 mm from datumGrade C or reclaim by severity
09UV chalking on the sun faceSurface only, no wall lossGrade C for outdoor-only use
10Neck thread conditionClean start, two full turns by handRebottle or reclaim
11Internal scope, 360°No film, no deposit, no shadowingRe-wash, then regrade
12Weld node count and integrity44–54 nodes, none crackedCage repair or scrap the cage
13Cage geometry, diagonal checkWithin 10 mm across diagonalsPress back or scrap
14Galvanising conditionNo red rust through the zincGrade C, or wire-brush and paint
15Base weld to palletAll welds sound under loadScrap the base, transplant the bottle
16Pallet type and ISPM stampMatches order; stamp present if exportRe-sorted to the correct bay
17UN plate legibleAll fields readable, dates in dateSold as non-regulated service only
18Leak test, pneumatic decayUnder 1 kPa loss in 10 min at test pressureRepair and retest, or reclaim
19Valve function, full travelOpens, closes, seals dryValve replaced
20Gasket conditionNot reused on A or B — always newNew gasket fitted
21Photographs, four plus cage stampIn focus, bay number visibleReshot before despatch
22Passport record writtenCage ID, grade, route, dates, operatorUnit does not leave the yard

Checks 05 to 09 are where most units lose a grade, and they are all condition of the bottle rather than cleanliness. A container can be surgically clean inside and still be Grade C because of what five Michigan winters did to the outside.

Primer

Fourteen stations: what happens between the gate and the truck.

A container that arrives on a Monday morning and leaves as Grade A food on Thursday has been through fourteen stations, and at eight of them it can lose a grade or be pulled out entirely. This is the route, in order.

1 — Gate and declaration

Nothing comes off the trailer without a named prior cargo in writing. No name, no entry; the load goes back. This is the single rule that protects everything downstream, because one undeclared pesticide tote in a recirculating wash loop can affect a hundred units before anybody smells it.

2 — Exclusion screen

The declared cargo is checked against the published exclusion list. Pesticides, pharmaceutical actives, PFAS formulations, isocyanates, radiological material, fire-affected units and polymerising oils are refused outright, whatever the condition and whatever the price.

3 — Heel drain and measure

Residual cargo is drained, measured and routed to the correct waste stream. Under a gallon is normal. Above five gallons the load is a liquid-waste job rather than a container job, and it is priced or refused as one.

4 — Weigh and log

Yard scale, not a unit count. Every published tonnage on this site traces back to this scale, which is why our disposition table reports weight and units separately and why they do not divide into each other neatly.

5 — Cage and base inspection

Node by node, 44 to 54 of them, counted rather than sampled. Diagonals measured. Base welds loaded and watched. Galvanising checked at the welds, which is where it always goes first.

6 — Bottle condition

Wall thickness at four points, raking light across the whole surface for crazing, sump checked for stress whitening, mid-wall measured for bulge against a datum. This is where most grade losses happen, and none of them are about cleanliness.

7 — Wash route assignment

Decided here, by prior cargo, by an inspector — not at the sales desk by price. A food cargo goes to Route 3 whether the customer asked for it or not; an industrial cargo cannot buy its way onto Route 3.

8 — Wash

Route 1 rinse, Route 2 hot caustic, Route 3 potable triple rinse, or Route 4 to a customer's own written SOP. Temperature, dwell, rinse count and chemistry dosing are logged against the cage ID as it happens, not reconstructed afterwards.

9 — Rinse verification

Third-rinse conductivity against the day's measured supply water, final pH, 360-degree internal scope, and an independent two-operator odour check with the cap off. Any one of them failing sends the unit back to station 8.

10 — Hardware

New gasket on every Grade A and B unit, no exceptions. Valve function-tested and replaced if scored. New cap. Adapter threads checked under a light. Tamper seal on anything food-grade.

11 — Leak test

Pneumatic pressure decay on the complete assembly, under 1 kPa loss in ten minutes. Method, pressure, hold time and measured decay are written to the record — a pass with no numbers behind it is not a leak test.

12 — Grade and passport

The grade is assigned against the published criteria and written to the passport with the cage ID, the wash route, the test dates and the operator who did it. Seven years of retention, reissuable on request.

13 — Photography

Four shots of the actual unit plus the cage stamp, bay number visible. These go to the customer before payment. It started as a way of ending arguments about Grade B and became our best quality control, because an inspector who knows the photograph goes out grades more conservatively.

14 — Bay and load plan

Into one of 168 numbered bays by grade and configuration, then load-planned against trailer capacity. Twenty on the floor, forty double-stacked empty. If your order is twenty-two units, this is the station where somebody emails you to suggest twenty or forty.

Primer

What 'food grade' means, and the four things it does not.

This is the phrase that causes the most confusion and the most expensive mistakes in this trade, in both directions: people buy far more than they need, and occasionally people buy something and call it food-grade when it is not.

What it means here

On this site, Grade A — Food means one documented prior cargo, that cargo was a food product, the unit went through Route 3 — the potable triple rinse at 140 to 160 °F with food-safe alkaline chemistry — and it passed third-rinse conductivity against the day's supply water, final pH, a 360-degree internal scope and an independent two-operator odour check. New gasket, new cap, function-tested or new valve, tamper seal fitted, leak tested, photographed, and written to a passport record we keep for seven years.

What it does not mean — 1. It is not a certification

There is no body that stamps a used IBC as food-grade. Any supplier implying otherwise is describing their own internal standard, exactly as we are describing ours. The difference between standards is whether the disqualifiers are published and whether the records come with the unit. Ask both questions of anyone, including us.

2. It does not make the unit allergen-safe

A tote that previously held a dairy, egg or tree-nut-derived product has been washed to the same standard as any other food cargo, and we flag the allergen history explicitly — but washing is not a validated allergen removal process, and we will not pretend it is. If your product carries an allergen claim, buy rebottled. A new bottle has no history to flag.

3. It does not mean 'never held anything industrial'

That is a stricter claim, and it is the actual reason to buy rebottled rather than washed. A new bottle in a reclaimed cage costs 40 to 60 percent more than a washed unit and removes the whole question.

4. It does not transfer to your process automatically

Your own HACCP plan, your filler's requirements and your customer's audit may all demand things beyond the container: a dedicated unit, your own incoming inspection, a specific gasket elastomer, a particular closure, or documentation in a particular format. We will run Route 4 against your written SOP and log every parameter you name, which is usually the cleanest way to satisfy an auditor.

The practical decision

Drinking water, infant or allergen-claim products, high-purity water: rebottled, always. Food ingredient in the same category as the prior cargo, with the declaration in hand: Grade A food is genuinely appropriate and is what it exists for. Anything industrial, agricultural or utility: you are about to overpay by a factor of two or three, and roughly half the people who ask us for food-grade are in this row.

Deep reference

What actually moves the price of a reclaimed tote.

Price drivers, direction and typical magnitude
DriverDirectionTypical effectCan you control it?
GradeA costs more than CUp to 3× across the rangeYes — most buyers over-specify
Wash route requiredRoute 3 over Route 1+18 to +30%Yes, by naming the real end use
New bottle (rebottled)Up+40 to +60% over washedYes — only food and potable truly need it
Quantity against trailer fit20, 40, 60 are efficient±15% on delivered costYes, and this is the easiest saving
Freight zone and laneLane beats distance±40% on delivered costPartly — ask which day we run your lane
SeasonB and C peak in spring+15 to +20% March–MayYes, if your timing is flexible
Pallet base specifiedSteel or composite over timber+4 to +20% on the baseYes
New valve and capUpFixed per unitYes — reconditioned hardware is an option on C
UN plate in dateUp+8 to +12%Only if your cargo is regulated
Resin and scrap steel indexBoth directionsMoves the whole marketNo
DieselUp with fuelFreight line onlyNo
Take-back credit on your old unitsDown, against the invoiceOffsets part of the orderYes — ask before you dispose

We quote containers and freight as separate lines, because a single delivered number hides which of these twelve things you are actually paying for. If a quote you are comparing does not split them, ask.

Deep reference

Lead times, honestly, by grade and quantity.

Typical despatch window from a confirmed order, Livonia yard
OrderGrade A foodGrade A washedGrade BGrade CRebottled
1–4 units2–4 daysSame or next daySame or next daySame day3–5 days
5–19 units3–6 days1–3 days1–2 daysSame or next day5–8 days
20 (one trailer)5–8 days2–4 days2–3 days1–2 days7–10 days
21–601–2 weeks4–8 days3–6 days2–4 days2–3 weeks
61–2002–4 weeks1–2 weeks1–2 weeks4–8 days4–6 weeks
Over 200 or scheduled programmeBy scheduleBy scheduleBy scheduleBy scheduleBy schedule

Grade A food is slower than everything else because Route 3 runs at 55 units a day against 90 on the other routes, and because the paperwork is checked twice. In March to May, add roughly a week to Grade B and C — that is the agricultural pull, and it is the most predictable thing in this market.

Deep FAQ · commercial

Price, quantity and when to buy.

Why are containers and freight on separate lines?

Because a single delivered number hides which of a dozen variables you are paying for, and makes comparing two quotes impossible. Grade, wash route, hardware, pallet base, plate status, lane, season and quantity all move independently.

It also means that when you come back in six months, we can tell you whether the price moved because resin moved or because diesel moved. If a quote you are comparing does not split them, ask — the answer tells you something either way.

Is there a volume price, and at what point?

The real breaks are at trailer boundaries — twenty, forty, sixty — because that is where freight per unit steps down rather than drifting. Container pricing softens with volume too, but less than people expect, because the cost is dominated by wash bay time and bay time does not get cheaper in bulk.

Scheduled programmes are a different conversation: if you need forty units a month every month, we can hold stock and plan wash capacity around you, and that is worth more to both of us than a one-off discount.

When in the year should I buy?

Late summer for Grade B and C, if your timing is flexible. March to May is the agricultural pull and it puts fifteen to twenty percent on those grades while leaving Grade A almost untouched.

June to August is the softest point of the year on the grades that actually move seasonally. Buying Grade B in August rather than April is the single easiest saving available in this market, and it costs you nothing but storage space.

Do you charge for the documentation?

No, and we would rather you did not ask it as a question, because a supplier who charges for a wash record is telling you the record is a product rather than a byproduct of the process.

The prior-contents sheet, wash record, leak test, plate photograph, component list and passport ID come with every order. The vendor pack — W-9, insurance certificate, wash SOP, discharge permit, methodology, and the signed statement of what we are not certified for — arrives in one email, usually inside the hour.

What is the most expensive mistake buyers make?

Specific gravity, by a wide margin, and it is never the container that fails. A 275-gallon tote of 50% caustic soda grosses 3,637 lb rather than 2,420. What fails is a forklift, a racking beam or a warehouse floor rated for the water figure.

Second place is buying Grade A for a job Grade C does. Third is ordering twenty-two units. All three cost more than the containers did.

Can I rent instead of buying?

We do not rent, and the arithmetic is why: a reclaimed tote costs a fraction of a new one and holds residual take-back value at end of life, so for almost every use case buying and selling back beats renting.

Where people genuinely want rental, what they usually want is a scheduled programme — units delivered when needed, collected when finished, credited on return. That we do, and it behaves like rental on your cash flow without the premium.

Why is one supplier's Grade A cheaper than another's?

Because 'Grade A' is not a standard. It is whatever each supplier means by it, and the only way to compare two of them is to ask what would disqualify a unit from that grade and what records come with it.

A washed unit with one documented food cargo, a logged Route 3 wash, a new gasket and a leak test with numbers on it is a different object from a rinsed unit that looked clean. Both get called Grade A. One of them costs forty percent more and is worth it; the other is a gamble priced like a certainty.

Decision

One tote or five drums?

A 275-gallon tote holds the same as five 55-gallon drums. They are not interchangeable, and the deciding factor is almost never price.

The tote wins on

  • Handling: one forklift move instead of five, one connection instead of five
  • Floor space: 13.3 sq ft against roughly 20 for five drums on a pallet
  • Dispensing: a 2-inch valve at the bottom beats pumping out of a bung
  • Cost per gallon of container, typically by a wide margin
  • Record keeping: one cage ID and one wash record instead of five of each
  • Freight: 20 totes a trailer is 5,500 gallons; 80 drums is 4,400

Drums win on

  • Splitting a batch across sites, days or production lines
  • Weight per unit — one person with a drum dolly, no forklift
  • Dedicating a container per cargo without dedicating a tote
  • Aggressive cargo above SG 1.6, where lined steel drums are the practical answer
  • Small-volume cargo where a part-full tote means a year of headspace and oxidation
  • Sites with no forklift, no dock and no level bearing ground
Deep reference

Symptom, cause, what to do about it.

Field troubleshooting for containers in service
SymptomMost likely causeCheck firstFix
Weeping at the valve when closedSeat compression set from long open storageClose fully, wipe dry, watch 10 minReplace the valve; store closed in future
Drip from under the valve bodyFlange gasket, not the valveFeel behind the valve for wetPull the valve, new flange gasket
Cargo odour in a clean toteOriginal gasket retained, or cap gasketSmell the gasket itself, off the unitNew gasket; re-rinse; air with the cap off
Bottle bulging at mid-wallOverfill, heat, or off-gassing cargoCargo SDS for gas generation; ambient tempVented cap at point of use; reduce fill to 85%
Condensate on top of the cargoVented cap left on in storageWhich cap is fittedSolid cap for storage; vent only when dispensing
Crack at the lower cornerWater-based cargo froze at full fillFill level historyUnit is finished — we will take it back for reclaim
White cloudy patch at the sumpStress whitening from forklift impactRaking light for branching cracksMonitor; no crazing means serviceable, Grade C
Fine branching cracksCrazing, from chemical stress or UVAny raking light at a shallow angleRetire the bottle; the cage and base are reusable
Flow stops mid-dischargeVacuum lock — no air inCrack the top cap and listenVent while dispensing, always
Slow flow on a cold morningCargo viscosity, not a blockageCargo temperature against its SDSWarm the product; never heat the bottle directly
Adapter binds after two turnsWrong buttress standardCompare S60×6 / S70×6 / S75×6Correct adapter or a proper reducer; never force
Cage node crackedImpact, or a stacked load over ratingCount cracked nodes; check plate stack ratingDo not stack; return for cage swap
Tote rocks on the forksBase weld failed at one cornerLift 2 in and look at all four weldsTake out of service immediately — transplant job
Rust bleeding through the zincGalvanising breached, usually at a weldWire-brush a test patchCosmetic for utility use; fails food-grade intake
Label illegible after a seasonDirect-print on HDPE in UVWhether the UN plate is also fadingStencil and clear-coat, or stainless tag
Primer

The regulatory picture, in plain language.

This is a summary of how the rules work in practice, written so that you know which questions to take to your own compliance team. It is not legal advice and we are not your compliance team.

Two separate questions

First: is your cargo regulated for transport? If it has a UN number and a hazard class, the container needs to be a marked, in-date, design-approved packaging, and almost everything else follows from that. Second: is your cargo regulated for storage or use? That is a different body of rules — fire code, secondary containment, state environmental regulation — and a perfectly compliant container can still be in the wrong place on your site.

If the cargo is regulated for transport

The container needs a legible UN plate whose design category, packing group, maximum gross mass and test pressure all suit the cargo, and whose periodic test dates are in date: leak test every 2.5 years, full inspection and leak test every 5 years. A 31HA1 marked Y will not carry a Packing Group I cargo. A 31HA2 cannot be pressure-filled. Those limits are properties of the design type, not of how clean the unit is.

If the cargo is not regulated

Most of what moves in reclaimed totes — water, glycols, fertilisers, food products, utility liquids — is not regulated for transport, and the UN plate stops being a legal document and becomes a quality signal. This is why units with faded plates are good value: the container is sound, it has simply lost its licence for a job you were not asking it to do.

Who is responsible for what

The filler is responsible for the condition of the packaging at the moment of filling. That is the sentence worth internalising, because it means a supplier's wash record and leak test are inputs to your own decision, not a transfer of liability. Your incoming inspection matters, and the twelve-minute check elsewhere on this page exists for that reason.

What we will put in writing

The prior cargo and its filler. The wash route with every logged parameter. The leak test with its actual numbers. The UN plate photograph and the periodic dates. The gasket and hardware specification. And a signed statement of what we are not certified for, which is the half of a vendor pack most suppliers omit.

What we will not do

Tell you that a reclaimed container is compliant for your cargo. We do not know your cargo, your mode of transport, your jurisdiction or your customer's audit. We will give you every fact we hold about the container, promptly and in writing, and your own people make the call.

Deep reference

The six weekly lanes, and what riding one costs you.

Scheduled routes from Livonia, with transit and single-unit economics
LaneRunsTransitSingle unit on the laneSingle unit on LTL
Detroit metro and Ann ArborDailySame dayLowest — folded into the routeNot worth quoting
Toledo – Findlay – ColumbusTue, Fri1 dayLow3–4× the lane rate
Grand Rapids – Holland – MuskegonWed1 dayLow3× the lane rate
Flint – Saginaw – Bay CityThuSame dayLow3× the lane rate
Chicago – Gary – MilwaukeeMon, Thu1–2 daysModerate2–3× the lane rate
Cleveland – Akron – YoungstownTue1 dayModerate2–3× the lane rate
Indianapolis – Fort WayneAlternate Wed1–2 daysModerate2× the lane rate
Everywhere else in the lower 48By carrier2–6 daysn/aQuoted per shipment

Lane day beats distance, every time. A single tote to Toledo on a Tuesday costs a fraction of the same tote to Toledo on a Wednesday, because on Tuesday it rides a truck that was already going. Always ask which day we run your lane before you fix a delivery date.

Specify it once

The fourteen fields that make a quote unambiguous.

Send us these and the quote comes back the same day, correct. Leave half of them out and we start with questions, which costs you a day.

  • Cargo, by product name — and the SDS if it is anything unusual
  • Specific gravity, or let us look it up, but somebody must
  • End use: storage, transport, dispensing, fabrication, standby
  • Quantity, and whether it is flexible — this is where trailer arithmetic saves you money
  • Size: 275, 330 or 350 gallons, or tell us the volume and let us pick
  • Grade, or better, let us recommend one from the cargo and end use
  • Gasket requirement, if your cargo has one — EPDM, Viton or PTFE
  • Valve and cap: standard, new, vented or specified
  • Pallet base: steel, composite or any — and whether it is leaving the country
  • Whether the UN plate must be legible and in date
  • Delivery zip code, and whether you have a dock or need a lift gate
  • Delivery window, and whether it is hard or indicative
  • Documentation you need, and the format your auditor wants it in
  • Whether you have old units to go back on the same visit
Buying anywhere

Ten questions that tell you what a supplier actually is.

Ask these of us too. A supplier who answers all ten without hesitation is running a real process; one who cannot answer three of them is reselling whatever came in on the last truck.

  • What was in this specific unit, and who filled it? Hesitation here is the only red flag that matters.
  • What would disqualify this unit from the grade you just sold me? No published disqualifiers means no grading system.
  • Can I see photographs of the actual units before I pay, with the cage stamp visible?
  • What did the third rinse read, and what did your supply water read that morning?
  • Is the gasket new? If not, why am I paying for a clean container with the old cargo's elastomer in it?
  • What method, pressure and hold time was the leak test, and what decay did it measure?
  • Are the periodic test dates on the plate in date, and will you photograph the plate?
  • Are containers and freight quoted as separate lines?
  • Will you put in writing what you are not certified for?
  • Will you take these back at end of life, and will you pay for them?
Deep FAQ · logistics

Freight, delivery and collection.

What happens if units arrive damaged?

Photograph the load in the trailer before anything moves, note the damage on the paperwork before signing, and email us with the cage stamp visible in the photograph. Units that are not as described come back on our freight, not yours.

That first photograph from the trailer door settles almost every freight dispute, which is why it is the first line of our receiving procedure.

How quickly can you ship?

Grade C same day, Grade B same or next day, Grade A washed same day to three days, Grade A food two to four days, rebottled three to five — for small orders. A full trailer of Grade A food is five to eight days.

Grade A food is slower than everything else because Route 3 runs at 55 units a day against 90 on the other routes and the paperwork is checked twice. In March to May add about a week to Grade B and C.

Can I collect from the yard myself?

Yes, and it is the cheapest option of all. 11966 Brookfield St, Livonia, MI 48150. Bring straps, and tell us what vehicle you are bringing so we can have the units in a bay you can reach.

A pickup with a trailer takes two to four filled units or up to eight empties. December is the month we most recommend yard pickup, because freight pricing that month is genuinely unpredictable.

Do you hold stock for scheduled programmes?

Yes. If you need a predictable number of units on a predictable cadence, we reserve stock and plan wash bay capacity around it, which is worth more than a discount — it converts a lead time into a delivery date.

Route 3 capacity is the binding constraint at 55 units a day, so food-grade programmes need the most notice and are the ones where scheduling pays off most.

Why don't you have a telephone number?

Deliberately. Everything in writing means every grade claim, wash parameter, test result and freight quote is reviewable later — by you as much as by us — and nothing depends on what somebody remembers from a call.

In practice it is also faster. The reply to an emailed enquiry names the actual units with photographs and bay numbers, which is not something anyone can do while you hold the line.

What is the cheapest way to get one tote?

Ride a lane. We run six scheduled weekly routes out of Livonia, and a single unit folded into a truck that was already going costs a fraction of an LTL shipment of the same unit on a different day.

Ask which day we run your lane before you fix a delivery date. Lane day beats distance every time: a tote to Toledo on a Tuesday is cheaper than a tote to Toledo on a Wednesday by a margin that often exceeds the price difference between two grades.

Can you deliver without a dock?

Yes, but it has to be arranged at quote stage. A 53-foot van cannot put a tote on the ground by itself — that needs a lift gate, our own truck, or a forklift at your end rated for the real gross weight.

This is the most common reason a loaded truck leaves a site without unloading, and it is entirely preventable with one line in an email.

Before the truck

Delivery readiness, so nothing goes back on the trailer.

Every item here has, at least once, sent a loaded truck away from a site without unloading. That costs both of us money and it is entirely preventable with an email.

  • Somewhere level and bearing to put them — a full 275 is 2,420 lb on 13 sq ft
  • A forklift rated for the real gross weight, not the water weight, if you are taking filled units
  • Pallet jack access if the base is two-way only, which we will have told you
  • Someone on site during the delivery window who can sign and who knows what was ordered
  • A dock, or a lift gate requested at quote stage — a 53-foot van cannot put a tote on the ground
  • Trailer access confirmed: turning radius, overhead clearance, gate width, weight limit on the approach
  • Your own receiving check planned, with the despatch photographs printed or on a phone
  • Secondary containment ready if your cargo or jurisdiction requires it
  • Storage decided: indoors, or black and painted units if they are living outside
  • The old units gathered in one place if we are collecting on the same visit
Deep reference

Rinse verification: the numbers behind a wash record.

What gets measured, the tolerance and what it proves
MeasurementMethodPass toleranceWhat it actually proves
Third-rinse conductivityInline probe, µS/cmWithin 10% of supply waterNo dissolved residue carrying over
Supply water baselineMeasured each shiftLogged, not assumedThe comparison has a real datum
pH of final rinseProbe6.5 – 8.0Caustic or acid fully flushed
Visual, 360° internal scopeBorescope on a mastNo film, no shadow, no depositNothing clinging above the heel line
Odour, cap off, ambientTwo operators independentlyNeither detects cargoThe check a buyer will make themselves
Wash temperatureBay thermocouple, loggedRoute 2 and 3: 140–160 °FThe chemistry ran where it works
Dwell timeCycle timer, loggedPer route specificationNot a quick splash through
Rinse countCounted charges, loggedRoute 3: three full potableDilution did the work, not optimism
Drain-downInverted dwellUnder 100 ml retainedNo pooled water to go stale in storage
Leak test after washPneumatic pressure decayUnder 1 kPa in 10 minThe wash did not find a weakness

Conductivity against the day's supply water is the measurement that matters, and it is the one most wash records leave out. A number with no baseline is decoration. Ask any supplier what their third rinse read and what the tap read that morning.

Deep reference

When to retire a container, and what happens to it then.

End-of-life triggers and material routing
TriggerSeverityReusable partsMaterial routeTake-back value
Crazing anywhere on the bottleAbsoluteCage, base, hardwareHDPE flake, 68% recoveryPartial — cage and base credited
Wall loss over 15% of nominalAbsoluteCage, base, hardwareHDPE flakePartial
Failed leak test after repairAbsoluteCage, baseHDPE flakePartial
Heat or fire exposureAbsolute, no exceptionsNothing — all refusedEnergy recoveryNone
Excluded prior cargoAbsoluteNothingLicensed disposalNone, and we will say why
Persistent bulge over 6 mmHighCage, base, hardwareHDPE flakePartial
Cracked weld nodes, three or moreHighBottle, baseBaled steel, 92% recoveryPartial — bottle credited
Base weld failureHighBottle, cageBaled steelPartial
Odour that will not clearMediumCage, base, hardwareHDPE flakePartial
Illegible UN plateMedium — regulated service onlyEverythingStays in non-regulated serviceFull
Cosmetic stainingNoneEverythingBack to service as Grade CFull
UV chalking, surface onlyNone for utility useEverythingOutdoor service as Grade CFull

Our standing offer is the same for all of it: when you are finished with a container, we collect and pay, including for units we will only break for material. That is cheaper for us than buying the same steel and resin on the open market, which is the whole argument for a take-back programme existing at all.

How it goes

From enquiry to units on your dock, in seven steps.

No telephone lines, deliberately. Everything in writing means everything is reviewable later, by you as well as by us.

1 — You tell us the cargo and the end use

Not the grade. The cargo and what you are doing with it. Half the quotes we re-cut are because somebody asked for food-grade to hold site water, and the other half are because somebody asked for Grade B to hold a food product.

2 — We name a grade and say why

With the published disqualifiers attached, so you can see what would drop the unit out of that grade. If a cheaper grade does your job, we say so in the same email — it is a better business than selling you the expensive one once.

3 — Photographs of the actual units

Four per unit plus the cage stamp, tagged to a bay number, before you pay anything. Standard, not a concession, and not a stock image of a different tote.

4 — Containers and freight quoted separately

Two lines, always. A single delivered number hides which of a dozen variables you are paying for, and makes comparing two suppliers impossible.

5 — Load plan against trailer capacity

Twenty on the floor of a 53-foot van, forty double-stacked empty. If your number sits just over a trailer boundary we will tell you which way to move it before you commit.

6 — Despatch with the full record

Prior-contents sheet, wash record with logged parameters, leak test with actual numbers, UN plate photograph, component list, passport ID. One email, with the containers.

7 — Take-back, whenever that is

Months or years later, email the cage IDs. We collect and we pay, including for units that will only be broken for material. The record is still on file for seven years.

Measured, not estimated
22point intake inspection on every unit
44–54cage weld nodes counted individually
4,118new bottles fitted to reclaimed cages in 2025
41%backhaul utilisation on our own fleet
Deep FAQ · process

Washing, testing and verification.

Do you wash to a customer's own procedure?

Yes — Route 4. You send the written SOP, we run it and log every parameter it names: temperature, dwell, chemistry and dose, rinse count, verification method, operator, timestamps, all against the cage ID.

This is usually the cleanest way to satisfy an auditor, because the record is in your own format and names your own steps rather than asking somebody to accept ours by analogy.

How do I know the wash record belongs to the container I received?

The cage ID. Every record — intake, wash, leak test, grade, photographs, operator, dates — is keyed to the stamp on the cage you are holding, and the despatch photographs include a shot of that stamp.

Retention is seven years and reissue is a matter of emailing us the cage ID. People do this years later, usually because an auditor has asked a question about a container bought by somebody who has since left.

What does a leak test actually involve?

Pneumatic pressure decay on the complete assembly: pressurise to the design test pressure, hold, and measure the loss. Our pass criterion is under 1 kPa in ten minutes, and the record states method, pressure, hold time and measured decay.

A leak test record with no numbers on it is not a leak test record. That is the single most useful thing to check on any supplier's paperwork, including ours.

Is there anything a wash cannot fix?

Plenty. Crazing, wall loss, a persistent bulge, cracked weld nodes, a failed base weld, heat exposure, an illegible plate — none of those are cleanliness problems and no wash route touches them.

And some cargo we will not try: pesticides, pharmaceutical actives, PFAS formulations, isocyanates, polymerising oils, radiological material, anything fire-affected, and anything nobody will name in writing. Those are refused at the gate, because the downside of being wrong is a drained loop and a contaminated batch.

What is the difference between rinsed and washed?

Route 1 is a rinse: one or two drained charges at ambient to 100 °F, verified visually. It produces Grade B and it is appropriate for a great deal of industrial and agricultural work.

Route 2 is a hot caustic wash: 140 to 160 °F, dosed alkaline detergent, three cascade charges, verified by conductivity and borescope. It produces Grade A washed. The gap between them is not a detail — it is the difference between a container that looks clean and one with a measured number behind it.

How can three rinses use only 11.5 gallons of fresh water?

Because the rinses cascade. The third rinse on one unit becomes the second rinse on the next and the first on the one after, so fresh water enters at the clean end and leaves at the dirty end. Eighty-six percent of bay water is recirculated.

It also means the direction of flow matters more than the volume, which is why the measurement we care about is third-rinse conductivity against the day's measured supply water rather than gallons used.

Can you get a cargo odour out completely?

Usually, and when we cannot the unit drops a grade and we say so rather than hoping you do not notice. Two operators check independently with the cap off at ambient temperature, because that is the check you will make yourself when it arrives.

The commonest cause of a lingering smell in an otherwise clean container is the gasket, not the bottle — the elastomer holds the prior cargo and no amount of rinsing the bottle addresses it. We fit a new gasket on every Grade A and B unit for exactly this reason.

Where the mass goes
68%HDPE recovery on our own line, after label and residue loss
92%steel recovery, mill confirmed
11.5 galfresh water per wash, all four routes
86%of wash water recirculated in the bay
Deep FAQ · in service

Using the container, answered at length.

What can I do with a tote that failed?

A bottle that cannot be trusted with a regulated cargo can hold rainwater for another fifteen years. Harvesting, planters, troughs, compost tumblers, ballast, erosion control, aquaponics sumps, dust suppression skids — sixteen standard builds, all from donor stock that failed container service.

And if you do not want it, we will collect it and pay for it. A failed unit is still 55 lb of steel at 92% recovery and 42 lb of HDPE at 68%.

Do I need secondary containment?

That is decided by your cargo and your jurisdiction, not by the container, and it is a question for your own environmental people. Where you do need it, size it for the largest single container plus a margin.

The practical trap is that a spill pallet rated for drums is not rated for an IBC. A 275-gallon tote is 2,420 lb of water or 3,637 lb of 50% caustic, concentrated on thirteen square feet.

How long can I leave a cargo sitting in a tote?

The container is usually not the limit — the cargo is. Hypochlorite loses strength continuously and faster when warm. Hydrogen peroxide off-gasses and needs a vent throughout. Vegetable oils oxidise. Latex is finished if it freezes. Glycols and fertilisers are indefinitely stable.

For the container itself: solid cap, valve closed, out of direct sun, filled to 85% if the cargo is water-based and the temperature will drop below freezing. Under those conditions a sound bottle will sit for years without any change we can measure.

Can I store drinking water in a reclaimed tote?

In a rebottled unit, yes — a new HDPE bottle in an inspected cage, with an FDA-compliant EPDM gasket and new closures. For potable water that is the only option we will sell you.

Not in a washed unit, however good the wash. The bottle has a history, and for drinking water the correct answer to 'what was in it before?' is 'nothing'. Keep it out of sunlight, use it within a season, and treat the water as your own responsibility rather than the container's.

Is a tote safe for diesel or heating oil?

The container handles it: HDPE is good with diesel and a Viton gasket is correct — never EPDM, which swells in hydrocarbons. The constraint is almost never the tote.

It is your local fire code, insurer and state environmental rules, which often restrict storing fuel in a non-metallic container, require secondary containment, or cap the volume on site. Check before you buy, because the container will arrive compliant and the installation may not be.

Can I use a tote for compost tea or digestate?

Yes, and Grade B rinsed is the right stock for it. The one rule is venting: biological activity generates gas, and a sealed cap on a fermenting cargo will bulge the bottle and eventually deform it permanently.

Fit a vented cap or a breather valve at the point of use, keep the unit out of direct sun to limit the temperature swing, and expect to wash it out between batches rather than at end of season.

What size tote for livestock water?

A 275 on a level bearing pad, Grade B rinsed with a documented prior cargo, black or painted rather than translucent. Translucent bottles grow algae in one season in the open.

Our framed trough build is the better answer if animals have direct access: a half-height open trough, 120 gallons, with the cage left intact as the frame. Full totes should never be where livestock can rub against them — 2,420 lb on four square feet does not need much persuasion to tip.

Background

How the container in your yard came to be shaped like that.

The modern caged IBC is a surprisingly young object, and almost every feature of it is the fossil of a specific problem.

1950s

Drums and nothing between

Liquids moved in 55-gallon drums or in bulk tankers. Anything in between meant handling dozens of drums, which is why the intermediate category was invented at all.

1960s

The first rigid composites

A blow-moulded plastic bottle inside a steel frame, sized to a pallet footprint so a forklift could handle it. The idea has not changed since.

1970s

The pallet footprint settles

40 × 48 inches in North America, 1,200 × 1,000 mm in Europe. Every trailer count on this site descends from that choice.

1980s

UN performance testing

Packagings began to be approved by design type and performance test rather than by prescription, which is where the 31HA1 marking family comes from.

1990s

Periodic testing arrives

The 2.5-year leak test and 5-year inspection cycle formalised, creating the date-stamped plate that decides whether a used unit can still carry a regulated cargo.

2000s

Reconditioning becomes a trade

Enough units in circulation, and enough value in a steel cage that outlasts three bottles, for washing and rebottling to be businesses rather than favours.

2009

One bay and a used pressure washer

Re:IBCtote starts in a rented bay in metro Detroit, washing totes for local chemical blenders who could not get a straight answer about prior contents.

2017

Grading gets published

We write down the disqualifiers rather than keeping them in an inspector's head, because the arguments about Grade B were taking more time than the washing.

2023

The passport

Every unit gets a record keyed to its cage ID: intake, wash parameters, test results, grade, operator, dates. Seven-year retention, reissuable years later.

2025

38,210 containers

Our largest year: 94.2% diverted, 4.4% residual published rather than rounded away, 4,281 tonnes of CO₂e avoided on factors we publish in full.

Two more

The same containers, different weather.

Wide view of a tote yard at first light, long rows of containers with stacked units and a city skyline behind.
First light over the intake rows. Stacked empties on the left, graded stock on the right, everything on a numbered bay.
Rows of caged totes at sunset with mountains behind, including one heavily stained bottle.
Last light over the intake rows. The stained bottle in front is bound for Grade C: cosmetic, sound, a third of the price.

“Nobody has ever called us about a container failing. They call about a forklift, a rack or a floor, and it is always the same arithmetic: they multiplied gallons by 8.34 and the cargo was not water.”

Sales desk, Livonia
Deeper reference
68% HDPE recovery92% steel recoverybackhaullane dayload planpassport IDtake-back credit31HA1packing group Yperiodic testpressure decayborescopeconductivitycascade rinseRoute 3 potableallergen flagrebottlednew bottle
Still deciding?

Send us the cargo, not the grade.

Tell us what is going in the container and what you are doing with it, and we will name the grade, say what would disqualify a unit from it, and tell you if something cheaper does the job. That last part is why people come back.

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